The Blog

Oxygen transfer rate (OTR) is the rate oxygen is transferred from the air into the bulk liquid of the aeration basin (atmosphere/gas to liquid water).  This is typically measured as lbO2/hr. The aerat...

We must provide oxygen to the microorganisms to drive BOD and ammonia removal.  Approximately 1 lb of oxygen is needed for every lb of BOD5. Approximately 4.3 lb of oxygen is needed for every lb of am...

Hydraulic retention time (HRT) is an estimate of how long it takes a particle to travel through a specific tank or volume. HRT is calculated by dividing the tank volume by the flow through it, and is ...

Good mixing is critical to performance of the activated sludge system, regardless of how your aeration tank/reactor is configured. Good mixing will ensure that the microorganisms are in contact with t...

The microorganisms we use in the activated sludge system only grow well within a certain temperature range….usually between 10°C and 38°C (50°F and 100°F). For every 10°C rise in temperature, microorg...

The microorganisms we use in the activated sludge system only grow well within a certain pH range.  Typically, the acceptable pH range is between 6.5 and 8.5 su. “Normal” domestic wastewater usually s...

Controlling the amount of microorganisms in the activated sludge process is critical to performance.  The best way to do this is to maintain a target Solids Retention Time (SRT).  The target for your ...

As a rule of thumb, microorganisms need, pound for pound, 100:5:1 for BOD:N:P.  That means for every 100 lb of BOD, they need 5 lb of nitrogen, and 1 lb of phosphorus.  “Normal” domestic wastewater ty...

The activated sludge process is composed of five systems: a reactor/tank, aeration system, clarifier, RAS system, and WAS system.  The reactor provides the physical space for reactions to occur.  The ...

The Activated Sludge Process is a technology that uses the natural activities of microorganisms to remove dissolved pollutants like BOD, ammonia, and phosphorus.  Microorganisms are brought into conta...